财经问题研究

就业是最基本的民生。数字经济为扩大就业提供了出口，但其对就业的净贡献尚不够明确。本文以经济增长的就业弹性这一重要宏观变量为基础，并以数字经济拉动经济增长、经济增长带动就业增加为机制通道，测算数字经济对就业增长的净贡献，有助于全面客观地认识数字经济对就业的综合影响。基准口径测算表明，数字经济通过拉动2011—2015年和2016—2020年的实际经济增长，年均净贡献城镇新增就业的20.09%和29.44%，在2011—2020年的常态化情境下，年均净贡献就业299.75万人，相当于城镇新增就业总规模的22.65%。在对数字经济适用较宽松的界定口径并基于名义经济增长的测算表明，数字经济通过拉动2011—2022年名义经济增长，年均净贡献就业374.68万人，相当于城镇新增就业总规模的29.06%。进一步地，本文从数字经济助力就业质量提升、数字经济助力服务业就业扩容、就业服务数字化助力人岗匹配效率提升等三个维度探讨数字经济带动就业的动能枢纽，并从稳定经济增长、健全人才培养和职业培训体系、优化公共就业服务等角度提出推进高质量充分就业的政策建议。

In recent years, the digital economy has flourished and become a driving force for China's economic and social development. At the same time, employment is pivotal to people's well-being. Promoting high-quality full employment is of great significance to improving people's livelihood and advancing toward the goal of common prosperity. By reorganizing production factors and reshaping the economic development pattern, the digital economy has promoted the transformation of employment patterns and labor markets, which can create job opportunities for employment expansion and quality improvement, but its net contributions to employment are rarely discussed. However, to fully harness the positive impact of the digital economy on employment and optimize corresponding public policies, it is crucial to obtain a clear and precise understanding of the digital economy's net employment contribution.This paper investigates the net impact of the digital economy on urban employment based on the contribution of the digital economy to GDP growth and employment elasticity of GDP, which can avoid the bias arising from direct counting methods and get impartial results. For the periods 2011-2015 and 2016-2020, the digital economy has annually contributed 20.09% and 29.44% of new urban jobs by driving real economic growth. The digital economy consistently contributes approximately 3 million urban jobs annually throughout the entire decade, representing 22.65% of the total new urban jobs under normal economic circumstances. By a broader definition of the digital economy scope and measuring economic growth based on nominal GDP, our results suggest that the digital economy contributes approximately 3.75 million new urban jobs annually, accounting for around 29.06% of total employment growth during 2011-2022. For the driving forces through which the employment effects are achieved, we argue that digital industrialization, industrial digitization, and digitization of employment services are the three main mechanisms. These mechanisms can improve employment quality and efficiency,expand employment absorption capacity of the economy, and improve the matching quality of labor markets. We suggest that policymakers should optimize relevant policy measures systematically to leverage the digital economy to create more jobs and to promote high-quality full employment.The contributions of this paper are as follows. Firstly, we can calculate the net contribution of the digital economy to employment by understanding the relationship between digital economy and economic growth, and the relationship between the economic growth and employment, which effectively avoids the problem of duplicating employment figures due to job changes and employment scene conversions of workers in the digital economy context. Secondly, from a macro perspective,this paper proposes three driving mechanisms of the digital economy contributing to employment.